Exercises
l First rib: Releases, bodybuilding. l Rest of ribs: Remo (kick movements: muscle contraction). Pars interarticularis l Gymnastics, ballet, volleyball (sports with hyperextension of the spine, with rotation and loads), pitching cricket, diving. pubic l Branches: wheelers, ballet, female soldiers in ancient times. l Femur (neck): innkeepers, jumps, ballet. l Femur (shaft): distance runners. l Tibia: Race, ballet.
l medial malleolus: Basketball, brokers. l Fibula: Brokers, aerobics, ballet. l Calcaneus: walkers (with support on the heel). l Astragalus: pole vaulter. l Scaphoid: sprinters, middle distance runners, hurdlers, jumpers, football … l Metatarsal in general: Race, ballet, running. l Metatarsal (2nd base): Ballet. Metatarsal l (5): Tennis, ballet, basketball.
l Sesamoid: Brokers, ballet, basketball. WHY ARE PRODUCED? The most accepted theory suggests that repeated stress causes a periosteal resorption that exceeds the rate of bone remodeling, cortical weakening until macrofractura occurs. The role of the musculature may be protective or provocative: within limits, protects the bone to prevent bone transmitted to excessive flexor efforts, but beyond these limits, or muscle forces applied in a very violent and repeated forces can exceed the compressive load limit bone resorption causing more rapid periosteal apposition of new bone along the lines of force. This modulation is influenced by nutritional and endocrine factors (related, inter alia, the level of estrogen). A correct adaptive response in bone that efforts are applied in a cyclic, alternating with periods of rest, although the rate of work and rest allowable will depend on the biological status of the athlete.
